Effect of milling time and investigation of thermodynamic analysis on amorphous phase formation in Fe-C-Ta alloy prepared by mechanical alloying

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• E Bahadori yekta ¹
• A.H Taghvaei ²
• Sshahriyar Sharafi ¹

¹ Department of Materials Science and Engineering, shahid bahonar University of kerman, kerman, Iran

² Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

Nowadays, soft magnetic materials such as nanocrystalline and amorphous alloys with unique physical, mechanical and magnetic properties have attracted much attention. Recently, Fe-based amorphous alloys have been greatly developed due to their excellent magnetic properties and relatively low cost. In this study, effect of milling time on microstructure of Fe-C-Ta alloy prepared by mechanical alloying was studied. Besides, the possibility of glass formation was investigated according to thermodynamic calculations, performed based on advanced Miedema model. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results proposed that the fraction of amorphous phase enhances by increasing milling time up to 70 h, and then it becomes unchanged up to 90 h milling. Moreover, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results confirmed the formation of amorphous phase with a crystallization temperature of 678 K, after 70 h of milling. The thermodynamic calculations with respect to the advanced Miedema model revealed that the Gibbs free energy changes for glass formation (-42.35 kJ/mol) are larger than those of solid-solution formation (-28.5 kJ/mol) and consequently, the amorphous phase has a larger tendency to form after milling.

Keywords

• Fe-base amorphous alloys
• mechanical alloying
• advanced Miedema model

20.1001.1.22285946.1397.8.31.9.6

---

References

1- P. Duwez, S.C.H. Lin, "Amorphous ferromagnetic phase in iron–carbon-phosphorus alloys", Journal of  Apply& Physics, vol. 38, pp. 4096–4097, 1967.

2- C. Suryanarayana, A. Inoue, Bulk Metallic Glasses, CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York, 2010.        

3- A. Inoue,  A. Takeuchi, "Recent development and application products of bulk glassy alloys", Acta Material, vol. 59, pp. 2243–2267, 2011.      

4- P. Yu, et al., "Achieving an enhanced magneto-caloric effect by melt spinning a Gd₅₅Co₂₅Al₂₀ bulk metallic glass into amorphous ribbons", Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 65, pp. 353-356, 2016.

5- Y.J. Liu, I.T.H. Chang, M.R. Lees, "Thermodynamic and magnetic properties of multicomponent (Fe,Ni)₇₀Zr₁₀B₂₀ amorphous alloy powders made by mechanical alloying", Journal of Material  Science& Engineeering. A vol. 304–306, pp.992–996, 2001.         

6- C. Suryanarayana, "Mechanical  alloying and  milling", Progress in Materials Science, vol. 46, pp. 1-84, 2001.
 

7- M.H. Enayati and F.A. Mohamed, "Application of mechanical alloying/milling for synthesis of nanocrystalline and amorphous materials", International Materials Reviews, vol.59, pp. 394-416, 2014.     

8- B.V. Neamţu, et al., "Preparation and soft magnetic properties of spark plasma sintered compacts based on Fe–Si–B glassy powder", Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 600, pp. 1-7, 2014.       

9- H. Kronmuller, et al., "Magnetic properties of amorphous ferromagnetic alloys", Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 13, pp. 53-70, 1979.

10- Ipus, J.J., et al., "Microstructural evolution characterization of Fe–Nb–B ternary systems processed by ball milling", Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 89(17), pp.1415-1423, 2009.           

11- S. Sharma, C. Suryanarayana, "Effect of Nb on the glass-forming ability of mechanically alloyed Fe–Ni–Zr–B alloys", Journal of Scripta Material, vol. 58, pp. 508-511, 2008.       

12- B. Neamţu, et al., "Structural, magnetic and thermal characterization of amorphous FINEMET powders prepared by wet mechanical alloying", Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 626, pp. 49-55, 2015.          

13- E. Yelsukov, et al., "Initial stage of mechanical alloying in the Fe–C system", Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol.369(1), pp. 16-22, 2004.         

14- T. Ogasawara, A. Inoue, and T. Masumoto, "Amorphization in Fe-metalloid systems by mechanical alloying", Materials Science and Engineering: A, 1991. vol.134, pp. 1338-1341, 1991.           

15- T. Nasu, et al., "EXAFS study of the solid state amorphization process in an Fe-C alloy", Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 134, pp. 1385-1388, 1991.

16- McHenry, Michael E., Matthew A. Willard, and David E. Laughlin. "Amorphous and nanocrystalline materials for applications as soft magnets." Journal of Progress in Materials Science, vol. 44.4, pp. 291-433, 1999. 

17- L. Dekhil,  et al., "Phase transformations and magnetic properties of ball-milled Fe–6P–1.7 C powders" Advanced Powder Technology, vol.26(2), pp. 519-526, 2015.        

18- C. Yang, et al., "Microstructure evolution and thermal properties in FeMoPCB alloy during mechanical alloying", Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol.358(12), pp. 1459-1464, 2012.

19- F. Sánchez-De Jesús, et al., "Structural Analysis and Magnetic Properties of FeCo Alloys Obtained by Mechanical Alloying", Journal of Metallurgy, 2016. 

20- Z. Bensebaa, et al., "Magnetic and structural characterizations of Fe₈₀Cr₁₀Si₁₀ alloy obtained by mechanical alloying.", Physics Procedia, vol. 2(3), pp. 649-654, 2009.

21- A.H. Taghvaei, J. Bednarc and J. Eckert, "Influence of annealing on microstructure and magnetic properties of cobalt-based amorphous/nanocrystalline powders synthesized by mechanical alloying", Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol.632, pp. 296–302, 2015.

22- H. Moumeni, et al., "Hyperfineinteractions and structural features of Fe-44Co-6Mo (wt.%) nanostructured powders" Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 138, pp. 209-214, 201.

 

23- R. Hamzaoui et al., "Structure and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline mechanically alloyed Fe–10% Ni and Fe–20%Ni" , Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 360(1), pp. 299-305, 2003.

24- J.J. Ipus,  et al, "Role of starting phase of boron on the mechanical alloying of FeNbB composition", Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 553, pp. 119–124, 2013.

25- A.H. Taghvaei,  et al., Microstructure and magnetic properties of amorphous /nanocrystalline Co₄₀Fe₂₂Ta₈B₃₀ alloy produced by mechanical alloying", Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 134, pp. 1214-1224, 2012.           

26- R.  Amini, et al., "Microstructural phase evaluation of high-nitrogen Fe–Cr–Mn alloy powders synthesized by the mechanical alloying process",  Journal of materials science, vol. 44(1), pp. 136-148, 2009.

27- S. Sharma, S., R. Vaidyanathan, and C. Suryanarayana, "Criterion for predicting the glass-forming ability of alloys", Applied physics letters, vol. 90(11), pp. 111915, 2007.       

28- D. Miracle and O. Senkov, "Topological criterion for metallic glass formation", Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 347(1), pp. 50-58, 2003.

29- D. Miracle, "The efficient cluster packing model–An atomic structural model for metallic glasses", Acta Materialia, vol. 54(16), pp. 4317-4336, 2006.

30- A. Takeuchi, A. Inoue, "Classification of bulk metallic glasses by atomic size difference,heat of mixing and period of constituent elements and its application to characterization of the main alloying element", J. Mater Trans, vol. 46, pp. 2817–2829, 2005.           

31- K. Omuro and H. Miura, "Chemical effect of ternary additions on amorphization in Fe‐C systems by mechanical alloying", Applied physics letters, vol. 64(22), pp. 2961-2963, 1994.

32- A. Miedema, P. De Chatel, and F. De Boer, "Cohesion in alloys-fundamentals of a semi-empirical model. Physica B+ C", vol. 100(1), pp. 1-28, 1980.  

33- T. Wang and B. Liu, "Glass forming ability of the Fe–Zr–Cu system studied by thermodynamic calculation and ion beam mixin", Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 481(1), pp. 156-160, 2009.        

34- A.R. Shirani Bidabadi, M.H. Enayati, E. Dastanpoor, R.A. Varin, M. Biglari, "Nanocrystalline intermetallic compounds in the Ni–Al–Cr system synthesized by mechanical alloying and their thermodynamic analysis", Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 581, pp. 91–100, 2013.       

35- B. Liu, W. Lai, and Q. Zhang, "Irradiation induced amorphization in metallic multilayers and calculation of glass-forming ability from atomistic potential in the binary metal systems", Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, vol. 29(1), pp. 1-48, 2000.

36 -Z. Adabavazeh, F. Karimzadeh, and M. Enayati, Thermodynamic analysis of (Ni, Fe)₃Al formation by mechanical alloying", The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, vol. 54, pp. 406-411, 2012.

37- B. Zhang  and W. Jesser, "Formation energy of ternary alloy systems calculated by an extended Miedema model", Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 315(1), pp. 123-132, 2002.

38- Loeff, P. I., A. W. Weeber, and A. R. Miedema. "Diagrams of formation enthalpies of amorphous alloys in comparison with the crystalline solid solution." Journal of the Less common Metals, vol. 140, pp. 299-305, 1988.