Effect of metallic agent on the carbothermic reduction of titanium dioxide in order to produce titanium carbide

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M. Sc Student-Materials Engineering Department- School of Engineering-Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran

2 Associate Professor-Materials Engineering Department- School of Engineering-Yasouj University- Yasouj, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor-Materials Engineering Department- School of Engineering-Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran

Abstract

Abstract
The effect of metallic agents such as aluminium, magnesium and mixture of magnesium-zinc was studied on the carbothermic reduction of titanium dioxide in this research under mechanical milling. The mechanical milling runs have been done in a planetary ball mill in different times. The mixtures of TiO2-Mg-C, TiO2-Mg-Zn-C and TiO2-Al-C were prepared based on stoichiometric ratios for each reaction. The acid washing process using 2 N HCl solution was done to remove the soluble phases after finishing mechanical milling of each sample. The isothermal heating was done at temperature of 1000 °C for one hour for solid residues of acid washing under flowing of argon atmosphere. The analysis of products and phases was done using XRD and the microstructure of samples studied by SEM. The results showed the reaction between titanium dioxide and carbon would be exothermic after the adding metallic agent. The reaction progresses via MSR mode for the mixture of TiO2-Al-C in milling conditions and the products were titanium carbide and alumina in the 5 h milled sample. The reduction reaction however progressed via intermediate titanium dioxide in the milled samples for mixtures of TiO2-Mg-C and TiO2-Mg-Zn-C. The signs of titanium carbide and intermediate titanium oxide such as Ti2O3 were observed in the milled mixtures of TiO2-Mg-C and TiO2-Mg-Zn-C after isothermal heating under argon atmosphere. The signs of Ti2O3 phase reveal that the reduction reaction of titanium dioxide does not be completed after 10 h milling when metallic agents such as magnesium and/or magnesium-zinc mixture are used
 

Keywords

References

1.       .Mansour Razavi, Mohammad Reza Rahimipour, Reza Kaboli. (2008). “Synthesis of TiC nanocomposite powder from impure TiO2 and carbon black by mechanically activated sintering”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 460, pp.694–698.

2.       Navin Chandra, Meenakshi Sharma, Deepesh Kumar Singh, S.S. Amritphale. (2009). “Synthesis of nano-TiC powder using titanium gel precursor and carbon particles”, Materials Letters, Vol. 63, pp.1051–1053.

3.       .Sutham Niyomwas. (2010). “Synthesis of titanium carbide from wood by self-propagating high temperature synthesis”, Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. Vol.32 (2), pp.175-179.

4.       .Mohsen Mhadhbia and Miloud Driss. (2021). “Titanium Carbide: Synthesis, Properties and Applications”, Brilliant Engineering, 2, pp. 1-11.

5.       .M. Dastjerdi, S. M. Z. Ebrahimi, A. Ghanbari, M. Sakaki, M. Sh. Bafghi.(2016). “Facile synthesis of TiC powder through microwave-assisted self-propagation high-temperature synthesis”, Ceramic Science and Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp.67-78 [in Persian, 1394].

6.       .F. Hosseinzadeh, H. Sarpoolaky. (2013). “Preparation and characterization of nano-sized TiC powder by sol gel processing”, Journal of Advanced Materials In Engineering (Esteghlal), Vol.32, No2, pp. 13-24 [in Persian, 1392].

7.       .N. Setoudeh, A. Saidi, N.J. Welham. (2005). “Carbothermic reduction of anatase and rutile”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol.  390, pp.138–143.

8.      .HSC Chemistry for Windows, version 5.1., Outokumpu Oy, 1994.

9.       A.E. Mchale and R.S. Roth (Editors) (1996). “Phase equilibria diagrams”, Vol. XII-Oxides, American Ceramic Society, 1996.

10.   Sen Wei, Xu Bao-qiang, YangBin, Sun Hong-yan (2011).“Preparation of TiC powders by carbothermal reduction method in vacuum”, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, Vol. 21, pp.185-190.

11.   Young-Chul Woo, Ho-Jae Kang, Deug J. Kim. (2007).”Formation of TiC particle during carbothermal reduction of TiO2”, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 27, pp.719–722.

12.   .Malek Ali, Projjal Basu.(2010). “Mechanochemical synthesis of nano-structured TiC from TiO2 powders”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 500 pp.220–223.

13.   N. Setoudeh, N.J. Welham. (2015).“Effect of carbon on mechanically induced self-sustaining reactions (MSR) in TiO2–Al–C mixtures”, Int. Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 54, pp.210–215.

14.   H. Zhu, Y. Jiang, Y. Yao, J. Song, J. Li, Z. Xie. (2012). “Reaction pathways, activation energies and mechanical properties of hybrid composites synthesized in-situ from Al-TiO2-C powder mixtures” , Mater. Chem. Phys. Vol.137, pp.532–542.

15.   R. Rahbari, L.H. Saw, M. Hamdi, R. Yahya. (2009). “Combustion synthesis of TiO2-Al-C/Al2O3 mixture in the presence of oxygen”, J. Phys. Vol.152, pp.1–9.

16.   .J.H. Lee, S.K. Ko, C.W. Won. (2001).” Combustion characteristics of TiO2/Al/C system”, Mater. Res. Bull. Vol. 36, pp.1157–1167.

17.   .Kou Sheng-zhong, Xu Guang-ji, Ding Yu-tian. (2001). “Effect of carbon content on microstructure of in-situ Al2O3p-TiCp/Al composites”, Trans. Nonferrous. Met. Soc. China, Vol. 11(5), pp.756–759.

18.   A. Haj Alilou, A. Saidi, M. Abbasi. (2010). “Production of titanium carbide and TiC-Al2O3 nanocomposite using rutile by combustion synthesis and mechanical alloying”, Journal of Advanced Processes in Materials Engineering, Vol.4, No.1, pp.1-9 [in Persian, 1389].

19.   H.H. Nersisyan, J.H. Lee, C.W. Won. (2003) “Combustion of TiO2–Mg and TiO2–Mg–C systems in the presence of NaCl to synthesize nanocrystalline Ti and TiC powders”, Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 38, pp.1135–1146.

20.   Reza Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi, Marzieh Alimardani, Omid Torabi. (2015)” Investigation on mechanochemical behavior of the TiO2–Mg–C system reactive mixtures in the synthesis of titanium carbide”, Int. Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 52, pp. 90–97.

21. N. Setoudeh, M. Ali Askari Zamani and A.Mohasel. (2013). “Effect of mechanical milling on the carbothermic reduction of zircon”, Journal of New Materials, Vol.3, No.3, pp.89-101 [in Persian, 1392].

22.   N. Setoudeh, M. Ali Askari Zamani and A. Mohasel. (2011). "Carbothermic reduction of Likak mine celestite concentrate", Journal of New Materials, Vol. 1, No.3, pp.33-44 [in Persian, 1390].

23.   Nader Setoudeh, Mohammad Sajjadnejad. (2017). Production of Ni-ZnO nano-composite by two methods of electrodeposition and mechanochmical synthesis and studying its characteristics as corrosion and wear resistant coating in industrial parts and also investigation their capability for electro-catalyst applications, Iran national Science Foundation, Research No. 92004488, 2017 [in Persian, 1396]

24.   C. Suryanarayana. (2004). Mechanical alloying and milling, Marcel Dekker New York.

25.   Malek Ali (2014). “Transformation and powder Characteristics of TiO2 during high energy milling”, Journal of Ceramic Processing Research. Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 290-293.

26.   S. Begin-Colin, G. Le Caer, A. Mocellin and M. Zandona. (1994). “Polymorphic Transformation of Titania Induced by Ball Milling", Philosophical Magazine Letters, Vol. 69, pp.1-7 .

27.   R. Ren, Z. Yang, and L.L. Shaw. (2000). “Polymorphic Transformation and powder characteristics of TiO2 during high energy milling”, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 35, pp.6015-6026.

28.   N. Setoudeh, A. Saidi, A. Shafyei and N.J. Welham. (2006). “Study of anatase-to-rutile phase transformation in milled and un-milled samples, Journal of Esteghlal, Vol.25, No.1, pp.207-216 [in Persian,1385].

29.   L. Takacs. (2002). “Self-sustaining reactions induced by ball milling”, Prog. Mater. Sci. Vol. 47 pp. 355–414.

L. Takacs. (2009). “Self-sustaining reactions induced by ball milling”, Int. J. Self-Propag. High-Temp. Synth. Vol.18 (4), pp.276–282.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 26 October 2021
  • Revise Date: 25 November 2021
  • Accept Date: 12 December 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics