Investigating on the microstructure of cross-section and surface of Ti-10Mo alloy produced by selective laser melting

Document Type : Article frome a thesis

Authors

1 MSc Student, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran

2 Professor, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran

3 PhD candidate, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran

4 Associate Professor, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

Abstract
Introduction: Considering the nature of the additive manufacturing process and the produced layered structure, the possible gradient in microstructure can be predictable. For this purpose, the morphology and microstructure of the cross-section from top to bottom was evaluated. The morphology of the last and first printed layers, were also investigated.
Methods: Ti-10Mo was printed using mixed powder in 120 layers, each thickness of 25µm, by selective laser melting (SLM) with a laser power of 95 W, a scanning speed of 600 mm.s-1, and a hatching distance of 88 µm under argon atmosphere. Density was measured, and the constituent phases were identified by XRD. The microstructural feature was studied by optical and scanning electron microscopies.
Findings: The printed samples were dense, and the relative density was about 98.53%. Details in microstructural evaluation show spectacular Mo-enriched rims, which reveal the circumstance of Mo dissolution in molten Ti and homogenization, consequently. Also, a gradient in Mo dissolution is seen along the cross-section. So that, at the top, the sides of molten pools that are mostly Mo enriched are seen as thick white and bright rims in electron microscopy and as white to light purple in optical microscopy. However, at the bottom, the rims seem to be really thinner and smoother, which can be in consequence of enhanced diffusion of the Mo to Ti matrix. Here, the promoted diffusion could be in the result of heat transfer from the newly printed layer to the previous printed ones.

Keywords


  1. Leyens C (Christoph), Peters M (Manfred). Titanium and titanium alloys : fundamentals and applications. Wiley-VCH; 2003. 513 p. https://doi.org/10.1002/3527602119.
  2. Niinomi M. Biologically and mechanically biocompatible titanium alloys. Mater Trans. 2008;49(10):2170–8. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.L-MRA2008828.
  3. Zhou YL, Luo DM. Corrosion behavior of Ti-Mo alloys cold rolled and heat treated. J Alloys Compd. 2011 May 26;509(21):6267–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.03.045.
  4. Ho WF, Ju CP, Chern Lin JH. Structure and properties of cast binary Ti-Mo alloys. Biomaterials. 1999;20(22):2115–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00114-3.
  5. Zhou YL, Niinomi M, Akahori T. Effects of Ta content on Young’s modulus and tensile properties of binary Ti-Ta alloys for biomedical applications. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2004 Apr 25;371(1–2):283–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.12.011.
  6. Lee CM, Ju CP, Chern Lin JH. Structure–property relationship of cast Ti–Nb alloys. J Oral Rehabil. 2002;29(4):314–22. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00825.x.
  7. Nguyen TP, Delbari SA, Azizian-Kalandaragh Y, Babapoor A, Le Q Van, Sabahi Namini A, et al. Characteristics of quadruplet Ti–Mo–TiB2–TiC composites prepared by spark plasma sintering. Ceram Int. 2020;46(13):20885–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.05.137.
  8. Sabahi Namini A, Shahedi Asl M, Delbari SA. Influence of Sintering Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti–Mo–B4C Composites. Metals and Materials International. 2021;27(5):1092–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-019-00469-y.
  9. رنجبری م, آزادبه م, صباحی نمینی ع. بررسی نفوذ مولیبدن و تشکیل تقویت کننده های درجا درکامپوزیت مخلوط پودری Ti-10Mo-1.5B4C تف جوشی شده‌ی قوس پلاسمای جرقه ای در دما و زمان-های مختلف. فصلنامه علمی - پژوهشی مواد نوین. https://doi.org/10.30495/jnm.2023.32589.2014.
  10. رنجبری م, آزادبه م, صباحی نمینی ع. نقش تقویت کننده ی برون جای B4C و درون جای TiC و TiBw در تحولات ساختاری آلیاژ مخلوط پودری Ti-10Mo. فصلنامه علمی - پژوهشی مواد نوین. https://doi.org/10.30495/jnm.2023.32053.2003.
  11. Dunkley JJ. Metal powder atomisation methods for modern manufacturing. Johnson Matthey Technology Review. 2019;63(3):226–32. https://doi.org/10.1595/205651319X15583434137356.
  12. Dzogbewu TC. Laser powder bed fusion of Ti15Mo. Results in Engineering. 2020;7(July):100155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100155.
  13. Ghosh G. Handbook of Thermo-Optic Coefficients of Optical Materials with Applications. Vol. 5, Chemistry & 1998. 368 p.
  14. Xu ZW, Liu A, Wang XS. The influence of building direction on the fatigue crack propagation behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy produced by selective laser melting. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2019;767(August). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138409.
  15. Chen J, Li C, Zhou L, Ren Y, Li C, Liao X, et al. The anisotropic of corrosion and tribocorrosion behaviors of Ti–15Mo alloy fabricated by selective laser melting. Mater Charact. 2022;190(December 2021):112000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112000.
  16. Azadbeh M, Danninger H, Gierl C. Evolution of properties and graded densification during sintering of Cu-20Zn prepared from prealloyed powder. In: Proceedings Euro PM2011 Volume 3. European Powder Metallurgy Association; 2011. p. 99–104. https://doi.org/20.500.12708/47437.
  17. Mousapour M, Azadbeh M, Danninger H. Effect of compacting pressure on shape retention during supersolidus liquid phase sintering of Cu base alloys. Powder Metallurgy. 2017 Oct 20;60(5):393–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2017.1357781.
  18. Sabahi Namini A, Azadbeh M, Mohammadzadeh A, Shadpour S. Liquid Phase Sintering of Leaded Tin Bronze Alloyed Powder. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals. 2016 Sep 1;69(7):1377–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-015-0683-9.
  19. Mousapour M, Azadbeh M, Danninger H. Feasibility study of ‘elephant foot’ phenomenon during liquid phase sintering of systems with volatile components. Powder Metallurgy. 2016 Oct 19;59(5):321–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2016.1242526.
  20. Azadbeh M, Danninger H, Gierl-Mayer C. Particle rearrangement during liquid phase sintering of Cu-20Zn and Cu-10Sn-10Pb prepared from prealloyed powder. Powder Metallurgy. 2013 Dec;56(5):342–6. https://doi.org/10.1179/0032589913Z.000000000138.
  21. Sabahi Namini A, Azadbeh M, Mohammadzadeh A. Microstructure and densification behavior of liquid phase sintered Cu-28Zn prealloyed powder. Science of Sintering. 2013;45(3):351–62. https://doi.org/10.2298/SOS1303351S.
  22. Xiao X, Lu C, Fu Y, Ye X, Song L. Progress on Experimental Study of Melt Pool Flow Dynamics in Laser Material Processing. Liquid Metals. 2021;1–16. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97205.
  23. Dzogbewu TC, Du Preez WB. In situ alloying of Ti10Mo fused tracks and layers via laser powder bed fusion. Manuf Rev (Les Ulis). 2022;9. https://doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2022022.
  24. Dzogbewu TC, Du Preez WB. Producing Ti5Mo-Fused Tracks and Layers via Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Metals (Basel). 2022;12(6):1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12060950.
  25. Pal S, Finšgar M, Bončina T, Lojen G, Brajlih T, Drstvenšek I. Effect of surface powder particles and morphologies on corrosion of Ti-6Al-4 V fabricated with different energy densities in selective laser melting. Mater Des. 2021;211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110184.
  26. Pal S, Lojen G, Hudak R, Rajtukova V, Brajlih T, Kokol V, et al. As-fabricated surface morphologies of Ti-6Al-4V samples fabricated by different laser processing parameters in selective laser melting. Addit Manuf. 2020;33(March):101147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101147.
  27. German RM, Park SJ. Handbook of mathematical relations in particulate materials processing: ceramics, powder metals, cermets, carbides, hard materials, and minerals. John Wiley & Sons; 2009. ISBN-13: 978-0-470-17364-0
  28. Kang N, Li Y, Lin X, Feng E, Huang W. Microstructure and tensile properties of Ti-Mo alloys manufactured via using laser powder bed fusion. J Alloys Compd. 2019;771:877–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.008.
  29. Dzogbewu TC, Du Preez WB. Producing Ti5Mo-Fused Tracks and Layers via Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Metals (Basel). 2022;12(6):1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12060950.
  30. Dzogbewu TC, Du Preez WB. In situ alloying of Ti10Mo fused tracks and layers via laser powder bed fusion. Manuf Rev (Les Ulis). 2022;9. https://doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2022022.